A new United Nations report is warning that drastic changes are approaching with risk tipping points that threaten irreversible impacts on people and planets.

The Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023 published by the United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) analyses six interconnected risk tipping points. The tipping points have been selected for their representation of large global issues that impact lives across the world:

• Accelerating extinctions that trigger chain reaction to ecosystem collapse
• Groundwater depletion that drains water risking food supply
• Mountain glaciers melting
• Space debris causing loss of multiple satellites, “our eyes in the sky”
• Unbearable heat making it hard to survive in some areas
• Uninsurable future when rising risks make homes unaffordable

A risk tipping point is defined in the report as the moment at which a given socioecological system is no longer able to buffer risks and provide its expected functions, after which the risk of catastrophic impacts to these systems increases substantially. The impacts can also cascade through to other systems and places around the world, the authors of the report warn.

When systems like water systems, ecosystems and food systems deteriorate, it is typically not a simple and predictable process. Instead, instability slowly builds until suddenly a tipping point is reached and the system changes fundamentally or even collapses, with potentially catastrophic impacts.

Groundwater depletion a key risk tipping point

The report says that many new risks emerge when and where our physical and natural worlds interconnect with human society. Groundwater depletion is identified as a key risk tipping point in the report. Aquifers – the underground water reservoirs are an essential freshwater resource globally - supply drinking water to over 2 billion people. Around 70 per cent of groundwater withdrawals are used for agriculture – frequently when there is not sufficient water from above-ground sources available.

Today, aquifers help to mitigate half of the losses in agriculture caused by drought, a phenomenon which is only expected to increase in the future due to climate change.

The report is warning that the aquifers themselves are now approaching a tipping point, with more than half of the world’s major aquifers are being depleted faster than they can be naturally replenished.

If the water table falls below a level that existing wells can access, farmers can suddenly find themselves without the ability to access water, which puts entire food production systems at risk of failure. Some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, have already surpassed this groundwater risk tipping point; others, like India, are not far from it.

"We are moving dangerously close to the brink of multiple risk tipping points"

Dr. Zita Sebesvari, Lead Author of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report and Deputy Director of UNU-EHS, commented:

“As we indiscriminately extract our water resources, damage nature and biodiversity, and pollute both Earth and space, we are moving dangerously close to the brink of multiple risk tipping points that could destroy the very systems that our life depends on.”

“Additionally, we also lose some of our tools and options to deal with future disaster risk.”

The analysis reveals that the cases share similar root causes and drivers which are embedded in human actions and behaviours that increasingly put pressure on our systems until they are pushed to the brink of collapse. Reaching these points means new risks will be introduced, many of which we are not yet aware of, the report warns.

“As we approach these tipping points, we will already begin to experience the impacts. Once crossed, it will be difficult to go back,” warned Dr. Jack O’Connor, Lead Author and Senior Expert at UNU-EHS. “Our report can help us see risks ahead of us, the causes behind them and the urgent changes required to avoid them.”

In addition to defining and identifying risk tipping points, the report also proposes a new framework to avoid or mitigate the consequences. The framework categorizes risk mitigation solutions into four types based on their approach:

• Avoid (preventing risk) which target root causes and drivers of risk to avoid risk tipping points altogethe
• Adapt (dealing with risk) which help prepare or better address the negative impacts of risk tipping points if they cannot be avoided.
• Delay (slowing risk progression)
• Transform (system overhaul) 

For both Avoid and Adapt solutions, there are two type of actions. Delay actions work within the existing “business as usual” system and aim to slow down the progression toward risk tipping points or the worst impacts. However, according to the report’s authors the ideal action is to Transform, which involves a fundamental reimagining of a system into something stronger and more sustainable than before.

Heatwaves in some areas will reach temperatures in which human body can no longer survive

In the case of the “Unbearable heat” risk tipping point described in the report, it is human-induced climate change that is causing a global rise in temperatures, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves that will in some areas reach temperatures in which the human body can no longer survive.

An Adapt-Delay solution would aim to counteract this risk by installing air conditioners, for example. The air conditioners will delay when the risk tipping point is reached for the people in the area, but will not address the heat itself. An Avoid-Transform solution, on the other hand, would aim to halt the emissions of greenhouse gases and at the same time drive societal change toward low-carbon ways of living so the tipping point can ultimately be avoided.

The report finds that solutions being implemented today tend to focus on Delay rather than Transform, although increasing focus is being put on transformative change to achieve global goals on transitioning to a more sustainable future. The authors say more game-changing solutions will be required to move away from a future of multiplying risk tipping points.

Transformative solutions will also require considerable societal and personal effort, and the report highlights overall changes we can each make to our behaviours and values.

“Real transformative change involves everyone,” said Sebesvari. “The report serves as a timely reminder before the UN Climate Conference that we must all be part of the solution.”

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